Faculty Publications
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Lyn Graybill, Visiting Associate Professor
"Justice and Reconciliation for Women in Sierra Leone - Reparations Remain Elusive" Women in International Security, WIIS WORDS, Summer 2007.
Abstract:
The decision to prosecute or pardon is often categorized as the choice between retributive justice (the court route), or restorative justice (the truth commission route). Distributive justice – transforming unequal socio-economic injustices and structural inequalities that preceded conflict – while given lip-service is rarely undertaken by governments transitioning from eras of conflict to stability. Yet reparations would most likely have the greatest impact on the lives of ordinary citizens, especially women who are often discriminated against and marginalized in conflict-ridden countries, and ultimately may be more significant than either justice or reconciliation. Unfortunately, very little progress has been made during the five years since the war ended to improve the status of women in Sierra Leone.
WIIS WORDS is a publication of Women in International Security. Published on a quarterly basis, WIIS Words keeps members apprised of WIIS news and events. WIIS Words highlights the expertise of WIIS members on timely topical issues. It also relays advice from professional development workshops, features interviews with mid-career and senior-level women professionals, spotlights the work of younger women, and announces WIIS members' recent publications and achievements.
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Michelle Dion, Assistant Professor
"Pension Reform and Gender Inequality," in Stephen J. Kay and Tapen Sinha (Eds.) Lessons from Pension Reform in the Americas, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 134-163
Excerpt:
This chapter examines an effect of pension reform that was largely unanticipated, or at least seldom explicitly considered, when many pension reforms were being adopted throughout Latin America: the effects of privatization on women’s welfare. Though this issue was largely absent in early reform debates, academic researchers and international organizations––including the United Nations (UN) Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and even the World Bank––began to consider it in the early 2000s. Although the literature is increasingly recognizing that pension policy design produces different distributional outcomes according to gender, it often disagrees in its evaluation on whether these outcomes are generally negative, positive, or neutral for the welfare of some. These disagreements have come about because some analysts view publicly mandated pension systems as serving an insurance function, though often not explicitly, while others view them as serving a redistributive function. From these different perspectives derive different criteria to evaluate gendered outcomes of pension privatization, which explains why assessments of the gender effects of pension privatization differ.
This chapter has three objectives regarding the gendered outcomes of structural pension reform in Latin America. First, it provides a brief overview of the sources of gender inequalities and discusses elements of pension policy affecting gendered welfare. Second, it explains and critiques the insurance-based criteria for evaluating the gender effects of pension reform. These criteria, often employed by economists, emphasize lifetime benefits, actuarial fairness, or consumption outcomes. Third, it offers an alternative set of criteria for evaluating gender outcomes based on three dimensions: women’s ability to claim social citizenship rights, gender stratification, and the distribution of welfare responsibility among the market, state, and family. These criteria are consistent with a sociological understanding of public pension systems as welfare or redistributive state policy. Finally, it compares interpretation of the gendered effects of pension reform in Latin America based on insurance and distributive assumptions to illustrate why disagreements in the literature persist.
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Adam Stulberg, Associate Professor
"Russia's Nonproliferation Tightrope"
Excerpt:
This issue of the Russian Analytical Digest examines nuclear proliferation in Russia. The author examines Putin’s diplomacy in the commercial nuclear and non-proliferation spheres in particular, its dimensions and how it strives to reconcile competing impulses as well as cooperative engagement with other countries. The issue features opinion surveys on nuclear proliferation in several countries and includes the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The full text of this paper can be found here.
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Michelle Dion, Assistant Professor
"Globalization, democratization, and social security reform in Mexico, 1988-2005" - Foro International Vol. XLVI, January - March 2006, pp. 51-80.
Excerpt:
This paper will explain the changes in social insurance in Mexico since 1988, with an emphasis on the impact of globalization and democratization in welfare reform outcomes. By comparing reform outcomes with instances of failed reform efforts during the Salinas (1988- 1994), Zedillo (1994-2000), and Fox (2000-2006) administrations, the paper demonstrates that globalization pressures have created demands for reform, but that powerful unions in nontradable sectors and increased political competition have shaped reform outcomes.
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Michelle Dion, Assistant Professor
"Globalización, tipo de régimen político y gasto social en países de ingresos medios, 1980-1999." Política y Gobierno 13, 1 (Semestre 1) 2006, pp.11-50.
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Dan Breznitz, Assistant Professor
"Le miracle high-tech: Retour sur une politique industrielle exemplaire" La Vie des Idées April 2007, No. 21, pp. 57 - 70.
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Kirk Bowman, Associate Professor (with Scott Baker)
"Noisy Regimes, Causal Process, and Democratic Consolidation: The Case of Costa Rica" The Latin Americanist Vol. 50, Spring 2007, pp. 23-57
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Edward Keene, Associate Professor
"A Case Study of the Construction of International Hierarchy: British Treaty-Making Against the Slave Trade in the Early Nineteenth Century" International Organization Vol. 61, Num. 2, Spring 2007, pp. 311-339
Abstract:
This article evaluates different theories of heirarchy in international relations through a case study of the treaty system that the British constructed in the early nineteenth century in an effort to abolish the slave trade. The treaty system was extraordinarily wide-ranging: it embraced European maritime powers, new republics in the Americas, Muslim rulers in northern and eastern Africa, and "Native Chiefs" on the western coast of Africa. It therefore allows for a comparative analysis of the various types of treaty that the British made, depending on the identity of their contracting partners. The article argues that a broadly constructivist approach provides the best explanation of why these variations emerged. Although British treaty-making was influenced by the relative strength or weakness of the states with which they were dealing, the decisive factor that shaped the treaty system was a new legal doctring that had emerged in the late eighteenth century, which combined a positivist theory of the importance of treaties as a source of international law with a distinction between the "family of civilized nations" and "barbarous peoples."
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Dan Breznitz, Assistant Professor
"Innovation and the State: Political Choice and Strategies for Growth in Israel, Taiwan and Ireland"
Abstract:
This new work provides comparative insight into the growth of technology industries and the remarkable post-war emergence of Israel, Taiwan and Ireland during the 1990s by analyzing different business models and the influence of the state in nurturing advancements in Information Technologies (IT). Dr. Breznitz offers detailed research and conclusions on how to nurture the growth of IT industries, promote industrial development, foster relationships with foreign firms and investors and globalized research and development. Both the Kauffman Foundation and the Brookings Institution gave favorable reviews of this important work.
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Adam N. Stulberg, Associate Professor & Michael Salamone, Professor
"Managing Defense Transformations: Agency, Culture and Service Change"
Abstract:
This book analyzes why some military organizations readily reinvent themselves while others become sidetracked or subverted by change. The authors studied four classic cases - U.S. Naval aviation during the interwar period, German and British armor development during this same period and the U.S. Army's counter-insurgency experience during the Vietnam War. Showing how managers and reform strategies play a vital role in military innovation, this book is a must read for students of military affairs, scholars interested in organizational theory and those generally interested in military and security studies.
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Adam N. Stulberg, Associate Professor
"Well-Oiled Diplomacy: Strategic Manipulation and Russia's Energy Statecraft in Eurasia"
Abstract:
Dr. Stulberg examines Russia's energy policy with rival Eurasian suppliers from 1992 to 2002. His research provides a window into understanding the relationship between national security and globalization. According to Doug Blum of Providence College, "This superb new study goes beyond explanations of statecraft that rely exclusively on market position, domestic institutional structure, and/or coercive manipulation of hard power... it strengthens our knowledge of the relationship between domestic structure and international politics. Scholars will be deeply indebted to Stulberg for all of these reasons."
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Fei-Ling Wang, Professor
"Taiwan: A Key to China's Rise and Transformation" (Silver City, NM and Washington D.C.: Foreign Policy In Focus, December 21, 2006)
Abstract:
The peaceful rise of China is in the fundamental interest of the Chinese people and world peace. But as Chinese power and confidence increase rapidly, so has international scrutiny and reaction. The United States and its allies, the currently dominant powers, will very likely develop more misgivings about China's rise, unless Beijing also becomes a responsible stakeholder in and shares the basic values and norms of the global community.
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Adam N. Stulberg, Associate Professor
"Managing the Unmanned Revolution in the U.S. Air Force" Orbis Spring 2007, pp. 251 - 265.
Abstract:
The success of unmanned aerial systems in Iraq and Afganistan has engendered an expanding set of new missions for them. The main issue surrounding UAS today is not whether, but to what effect, these assets will be nurtured. The UAS' operational requirements and technology have grown, but there remains no clear responsibility for overseeing development, and the service's manned and unmanned communities disagree on the legitimacy and effectiveness of UAS. If existing managerial challenges are not addressed, institutionalizing UAS will become mired in intense international, industrial, and inter-service competition; more complex operational requirements; less qualified volunteers; and greater morale problems and career uncertainty.
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Fei-Ling Wang, Professor
"Stratification and Institutional Exclusion in China and India: Administrative Means versus Social Barriers" Grass-roots Democracy in India and China - The Right to Participate 2007
Excerpt:
This chapter, utilising an analytical framework of institutional exclusion, will attempt to examine one aspect of the Chinese and Indian political economy and propose one more factor that may have accounted for the different record of economic growth in China and India: how the two peoples are divided and organised internally. I will describe that, in addition to the 'universal' division between the haves and the have-nots, based on money, the Chines and the Indians are also divided, excluded and organised along their own peculiar but profound fault lines respectively. Whereas the 1.3 billion Chinese are divided into exclusive segments by the administratively maintained PRC hukou (household or residential registration) system, the one billion Indians appear to be largely segmented and stratified by the societally-enforced caste system.
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William Long, Professor
"Assessing Engagement: Why America's Incentive Strategy toward North Korea 'Worked' and Could Work Again" International Journal of Korean Unification Studies Vol. 15, No. 2, 2006, pp. 1-20.
Abstract:
This paper will explain what economic incentives are, how they work as a policy instrument, when they work, and the scope and limits of their effectiveness. Armed with a realistic understanding of incentives, we are then in a position to accurately assess the incentive strategy of 1994-2002. Drawing the right lesson from this historical period is critical, because, should a future American administration conclude that long-term efforts aimed at encouraging cooperative policies from the North are the only viable alternative, it will need a correct understanding of the previous incentive strateg to fashion a new strategy of engagement. This article concludes with lessons learned from this period that could be used to strengthen the likelihood of success in any future engagement with North Korea.
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Lyn Graybill, Part-Time Instructor
Debt relief: a Panacea for Sierra Leone?
Brief Summary:
It has been over two years since the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission published its final report with recommendations to reform the corruption within the country. Despite this, the government has made few changes to policies, and recommended committees have yet to be established. This article discusses the hope that the recent debt relief will enable Sierra Leone to afford and initiate reforms. Link to Article.
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Fei-Ling Wang, Professor
"Stability with Uncertainties: U.S.-China Relations and the Korean Peninsula," in The United States and the Korean Peninsula in the 21st Century, (Tae-Hwan Kwak and Seung-Ho Joo, Eds.) pp. 183-203.
Excerpt from the chapter:
Beijing's policy towards the Korean peninsula has always been inseparable from U.S.-China relations and crucially important to peace and stability in Northeast Asia. It now also illuminates the future development of the overall foreign policy of China, a widely expected rising world power.
Currently, Chinese ties with the Koreas appear to be fundamentally conditioned by the Sino-American relationship. As Beijing's conducts and concerns in reference to the ongoing issue of North Korean nuclear program has shown, the PRC pursued a pro-status quo policy in Korea with a clear objective of dealing with the U.S. for its main strategic and geo-political interests in Northeast Asia. In the 2000s, China's Korea policy displays continuity as the U.S.-China relationship continues to be basically stable and Beijing's incentive structure of foreign policy making remains largely unchanged.
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Michelle Dion, Assistant Professor
"Women's Welfare and Social Security Privatization in Mexico." Social Politics 13, 3 (Fall 2006): 400-426.
Abstract:
Several Latin American countries have fully or partially privatized their public pensions since the 1980s. In 1995 Mexico privatized its public pension system, including a shift from a defined benefit to defined contribution system based on privately administered individual accounts. This article uses feminist criteria to evaluate the gender impact of welfare regimes and concludes that the Mexican pension privatization will have a negative effect on women.s welfare in old age. Link to Article.
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John Garver, Professor
"China's Decision for War with India in 1962," New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy, 2006, pp. 86-130.
Excerpt from the book:
…The 1962 war with India was long the People's Republic of China's forgotten war. Little was published in China regarding the process through which China decided for war---unlike in the case of the Korean War, Indochina wars, the conflicts over the offshore islands in the 1950s, and even the 1974 Paracel Island campaign. …This study will postulate two major, interrelated sets of reasons why China's leaders decided for war with India in 1962. Ordered in the chronological fashion in which they preoccupied China's leaders, these two sets of factors were: 1. A perceived need to punish and end perceived Indian efforts to undermine Chinese control of Tibet, which were seen as aimed at restoring the pre-1949 status quo ante there. 2. A perceived need to punish and end perceived Indian aggression against Chinese territory along the border. This study is also concerned with the accuracy of Chinese perceptions in these two areas. It will attempt to ascertain whether China's decision for war was based, to some degree, on misperceptions rather than on accurate assessment of the situation.…
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Kirk Bowman, Associate Professor
"Battle for the Heart of the Heavyweight: Anti-Americanism in Brazil,"Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2006, pp. 140-162.
Excerpt from the book:
The first sign of anti-Americanism in Brazil in 2003-2004 surfaced rather dramatically to arriving passengers in the shops of the country's international airports, where Michael Moore's bestseller Stupid White Men was ubiquitously displayed. ...in Portuguese-speaking Brazil, Moore's book spent nineteen weeks on the bestseller list as A Nation of Idiots . The book title did not represent an anomaly or isolated case of intense anti-Americanism in contemporary Brazil. Rather, anti-US sentiment in Brazil was widespread and potent as the largest nation in Latin America entered the twenty-first century.
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Adam N. Stulberg, Associate Professor
Russia's Nuclear Industry: Centralisation, Control, Competition" Osteuropa, 56. Jg., 4/2006, S. 199-219
Abstract:
Chernobyl, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and economic decline in the 1990s led to a deterioration of Russia's nuclear sector. After contradictory reforms under Boris El'tsin, Vladmimir Putin's regime is trying to centralize the industry again, so as to boost its national and international competitiveness. The goal is to make the nuclear industrial complex an additional pillar--next to the gas and oil sectors--on which Russia can base its aspirant status as a "energy supplier great power." A neo-institutional analysis, however, shows that centralization leads to losses in control. These decrease the chance that Russia's nuclear sector can achieve strategic significance.
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Michelle Dion, Assistant Professor
"Globalización, democratización y reforma del sistema de seguridad social en México, 1988-2005." (2006) Foro Internacional. Vol. XLVI, n1:51-80
Abstract:
En los ultimos 25 años, Mexico ha vivido cambios económicos y políticos muy profundos, muchos de los cuales se manifiestan en la política social del país, especialmente en materia de seguridad social. En el pasado, las instituciones de seguridad social, com el Institutio Mexicano de Seguridad Social (IMSS) y el Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), eran los que proporcionaban la mayor parte de las presentaciones sociales, incluidas algunas exentas de cuotas tributarias para la gente probre del campo (por ejemplo, el programa IMSS-COPLAMAR). Sin embargo, desde los años ochenta, las reformas al sector social han reestructurado la seguridad social.
En este trabajo se explicarán los cambios ocurridos en el campo de la seguridad social Mexican desde 1988, destacando el impacto que han tenido la globalización y la democratización en cuanto a los resultados de la reforma en dicho ámbito. Al comparar esos resultados conlos casos de iniciativas fallidas de reforma en los gobiernos de Salina (1988-1994). Zedillo (1994-2000) y Fox (2000-2006), mostraremos que la globalización ha hecho apremiante la reforma, pero que los poderoso sindicatos de los sectores de bienes no comerciables y el incremento de la competencia política han sido determinantes en los resultados obtenidos de la reforma.
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John Garver, Professor
"Development of China's Overland Transportation Links with Central, South-west and South Asia," The China Quarterly, March 2006, pp. 1-22.
Abstract:
The development of China's western regions was for a long time hampered by the difficult terrain of the area and its distance from the sea an hence maritime commerce. However China now has the fiscal wherewithal to invest in modern transportation technology and build railways and roads to link its west to the oceans. These networks will bring an acceleration of rates of development in the west to bring it more nearly in line with the east, and are a manifestation of China's economic rise. A second dimension is that the new lines of transportation will be bearers of Chinese influence to Central, South-west and South Asia. Trade flows and inter-dependencies will develop, and China's role in the regions to its west and south-west will increase.
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Seymour Goodman, Professor
Globalization and Offshoring of Software. William Aspray, Frank Mayadas, Moshe Y. Vardi, Editors. ACM Press. http://www.acm.org/globalizationreport/index.htm
Abstract:
This report is the result of about two years effort by an Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Task Force of which Sy chaired the Risks and Exposures Subcommittee. The study has received attention from the New York Times, Newsweek, and assorted other places.
The ACM is the oldest (1947) and best known ICT professional society with 80-90,000 members worldwide. Sy has been the International Perspectives editor for the Communications of the ACM, its flagship journal, for the last 16 years.
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Michelle Dion , Assistant Professor
Globalization and Offshoring of Software. William Aspray, Frank Mayadas, Moshe Y. Vardi, Editors. ACM Press. http://www.acm.org/globalizationreport/index.htm
Abstract:
How has the globalization of markets for goods, services, and capital affected the social spending commitments of middle income countries? Current debates suggest that economic globalization can either lead to a race to the bottom in which states lose their policy making autonomy or to a renewed commitment by the state to provide social benefits to its citizens. Such arguments assume that governments are able to easily change existing social spending commitments to meet the demands of the new global economy. Comparative research on policy reform, however, suggests that political regime type is an important determinant of policy outcomes. An analysis of education, health and social protection spending in a sample of 39 middle income countries between 1980 and 1999 demonstrates that different dimensions of economic integration are associated with adjustments to social spending, which are in part mediated by political regime type. Increased trade integration leads to more investment in human capital, especially in authoritarian regimes, but reduces expenditures on social protection in comparison to democracies.
¿Cómo ha afectado la globalización de los mercados para las mercancías, servicios, capital a los gastos sociales de los países en desarrollo? Las discusiones actuales sugieren que la globalización económica pueda conducir a un corrido hacia el denominador más bajo dentro de cual los estados pierden su autonomía política o a un compromiso renovado por el estado para proporcionar beneficios sociales a sus ciudadanos. Tales discusiones asumen que los gobiernos pueden cambiar fácilmente sus gastos sociales existentes para responder a las demandas de la nueva economía global. Investigación comparativa sobre reforma de la política, sin embargo, sugiere que el tipo de régimen político sea un determinante importante de los resultados de la política. Un análisis de gastos en la educación, la salud publica y la protección social en una muestra de 39 países en desarrollo entre el ano 1980 y 1999 demuestra que diversas dimensiones de la integración económica están asociadas con ajustes en el gasto social, cuáles están en la parte mediada por el tipo de régimen político. La integración comercial creciente conduce a más inversión en capital humano, especialmente en regímenes autoritarios, pero reduce gastos en la protección social en comparación a las democracias
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John Garver, Professor
"China's Crossed Fingers", The Diplomat- February/March 2006
Abstract:
China's foreign policy objectives with Iran are clear: friendly relations, but not at the expense of directly opposing the international community.
China's attitude towards the Iran nuclear issue is complicated by Beijing's quiet opposition ot U.S. hegemony in the Middle East and by China's longstanding and cordial relations with Iran. Over the last thirty-five years China has forged a stable and durable co-operative partnership with Iran.
